Forecasting, 14, 976993, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0976:SRAMEA>2.0.CO;2. Derechos blow in the direction of movement of their associated storms, similar to a gust front, except that the wind is sustained and generally increases in strength behind the "gust" front. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Central U.S. A twister in Elgin, near Austin, was captured flipping a truck that then drives away, seemingly unscathed in a video that went viral on Twitter. A near-record-high number of October tornadoes struck in the United States. Contact Brittany Van Voorhees at bvanvoorhe@wcnc.com and follow her on Facebook . Any QLCS can produce damaging winds, large hail, dangerous lightning, heavy rain and even tornadoes. Origins of vorticity in a simulated tornadic mesovortex observed during PECAN on 6 July 2015, Storm reflectivity and mesocyclone evolution associated with the 15 April 1994 squall line over Kentucky and southern Indiana. The link was not copied. Anderson-Frey, A., Y. Richardson, A. 23rd Conf. Rev., 140, 202225, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00046.1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration An integrated three-dimensional objective analysis scheme in use at the Storm Prediction Center. : Anticipating QLCS tornadogenesis for decision support: The three-ingredient method during the 1920 February 2017 south-central Texas tornadic QLCS event. The rightmost image is a couple of hours after the other two, showing the strongest portion of the line as it passes through Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. This study analyzes a population of 56 vortices (all cyclonic) in a full-physics, case study simulation to examine vortex characteristics and their relationships to the pre-line environment. Displayed acceptance dates for articles published prior to 2023 are approximate to within a week. When there are bows along the line, it can cause 'kinks' in the the line making it appear squiggly (a more fun and less technical term). J. Atmos. background: #193B7D;
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Please Contact Us. A linear trend of these type of tornadoes in March, as in many months, has been significantly upward. A powerful EF-3 tornado struck the city of Springdale, Ark., resulting in significant predawn damage to an elementary school and sending seven people to the hospital. Thompson, G., P. Field, R. Rasmussen, and W. Hall, 2008: .item01 {
Schaumann, J., and R. Przybylinski, 2012: Operational application of 0-3 km bulk shear vectors in assessing Quasi Linear Convective System mesovortex and tornado potential. The are fast moving along a the QLCS (line). This record, however, may not be as significant as it sounds because radar technology in the past 15 years has made it easier to detect tornadoes, potentially inflating counts. margin: 0;
: Examining the structure and dynamics of QLCS vortices in high-shear, low-CAPE environments. 22nd Conf. Part II: Their genesis. April 9, 2022. The configuration of the jet stream, in concert with high pressure near the East Coast, lifted warm and moist air north from the Gulf of Mexico. QLCS: The Type II Vortex will represent those tornadoes that are produced by quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS), which is typically an MCS that has taken the form of a squall line or bow echo. These both happened in early April of 2021. : Thunderstorm types associated with the broken-S radar signature. A "bow echo" or "bowing line segment" is an arched/bowed out line of thunderstorms, sometimes embedded within a squall line. Forecasting, 26, 109121, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010WAF2222428.1. Wea. : Spatial and temporal variability of tornadic versus non-tornadic high-shear, low-CAPE environments. Meteor. [3] Well behind mature squall lines, a wake low can develop on the back edge of the rain shield,[4] which can lead to a heat burst due to the warming up of the descending air mass which is no longer being rain-cooled.[5]. 20th Conf. Please select one of the following: Experimental Graphical Hazardous Weather Outlook, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. J. Atmos. . These lines move fast, sometimes moving at 45 to 60 mph. Unlike large, long track tornadoes, these tend to only cover a few miles or even a fraction of mile. A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. Sci., 72, 19631986, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0209.1. A QLCS also spawned the Iredell County tornado back on August 17, 2021, and the York County tornado on May 3, 2021. Within an overall serial-type squall line, there may be several bowing echo segments embedded. A line of thunderstorms does not always form a straight line. : Investigation of an unusual storm structure associated with weak to occasionally strong tornadoes over the eastern United States. An estimated 90% of the tornadoes we get here in the Carolinas are these. Example video title will go here for this video. Forecasting, 32, 763779, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0141.1. Although these storms most commonly occur in North America, derechos occur elsewhere in the world. Bolstered by three main events one in early March, and two to end the month the episodes were intense, especially for so early in the year. Wea. padding: 0;
Rev., 130, 29172928, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2917:ABSFMN>2.0.CO;2. Meteor. As few as 20 percent of all supercell thunderstorms actually produce tornadoes. Because of the Coriolis force, the northern end may evolve further, creating a "comma shaped" wake low, or may continue in a squall-like pattern. Sensitivity of a simulated squall line to horizontal resolution and parameterization of microphysics. The cold air outflow leaves the trailing area of the squall line to the mid-level jet, which aids in downdraft processes. Tornadoes come from mainly two types of thunderstorms: supercell and non-supercell. Radar climatology of tornadic and nontornadic vortices in high shear, low-CAPE environments in the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. Forecasting, 28, 11571174, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1. Rev., 134, 28132829, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3216.1. The circulation may be wrapped within precipitation. thesis, Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of North Carolina. Wilmington, Current Conditions Velocity (base and storm-relative) data also is used to evaluate straight-line wind potential and mesovortex evolution. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. Mon. They do not last long. Nevertheless, the swarms of twisters and related losses to life and property reveal an increasing vulnerability to these storms, particularly in the southern United States. Reflectivity signatures and kinematic structures, Idealized simulations in pre-line environments, Investigation of near-storm environments for tornado events and warnings, Characteristics of tornado events and warnings in the southeastern United States, Recipe for disaster: How the dynamic ingredients of risk and exposure are changing the tornado disaster landscape, Bow echo mesovortices. Guess there are some differences. UPPER-LEVEL FEATURES Moderate/strong wind fields throughout atmosphere; 850 mb wind speeds 30-60 kts common with upper-level jet stream axis aloft nearby (often north and/or west of squall line). 1. Forecast Discussion Sounds complicated, right? Within squall line, a series of line echo wave patterns (LEWPs) and bow echoes often occur, resulting in damaging winds and possible transient tornadoes. The influence of lifting condensation level on low-level outflow and rotation in simulated supercell thunderstorms. QLCS tornadoes are associated with lines of strong thunderstorms, and frequently occur during late night and early morning hours. This persistent pattern helped push a cold and powerful jet stream, along which storms track further south than normal. [8], A derecho (from Spanish: "derecho" meaning "straight")[9] is a widespread and long-lived, violent convectively induced straight-line windstorm that is associated with a fast-moving band of severe thunderstorms usually taking the form of a bow echo. Part II: The relationship between the mesovortices and damaging straight-line winds, The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in two-dimensional hydrodynamics, The effect of mesoscale heterogeneity on the genesis and structure of mesovortices within quasi-linear convective systems, Radar and damage analysis of severe bow echoes observed during BAMEX. Soc., 4.5, https://ams.confex.com/ams/23SLS/webprogram/Paper115102.html. the strongest winds on the leading edge of the line with precipitation extending behind the line for several miles. I just went back and looked in my notes from Mesoscale last semester. Heres how all 62 Alabama tornadoes break down on the EF scale: A total of 348 fatalities occurred across multiple states, including 253 in Alabama. Rising air within the thunderstorm tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical now the area of rotation extends through much of the storm. National Weather Service Wea. High winds generated by bow echoes. The spin up quickly in the 'squiggles' along the line. The first came early in the morning in the form of a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS). Mesoscale weather prediction with the RUC hybrid isentropicterrain-following coordinate model. QLCS tornadoes are not the strongest or longest tracking, however any tornado is dangerous and these still the potential for major damage and to be life threatening. The low-level jet is creating favorable conditions for QLCS tornadoes along the leading edge of the squall-line. Instability will be the main limiting factor in terms of breadth of the severe risk area, and it is likely that the greatest risk will occur during the morning hours. Dudhia, J., 2014: Overview of WRF physics. Wea. Investigation of near-storm environments for tornado events and warnings. Meteor. All rights reserved. Rev., 134, 791806, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3100.1. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Any potential QLCS tornado risk will be closely tied to how . Wind damage is maximized along the bulged out cold/gust front, especially when a weak echo channel (WEC; left) is present behind the leading line associated with a strong rear inflow jet (RIJ; right). The primary difference from RM tornado environments is the lack events across the high Plains, other than the small area of QLCS tornado events with relatively high LCLs Interestingly, the distribution of 06-km BWD with QLCS tornadoes (Fig. Mon. Sci., 54, 3260, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0032:TNSONS>2.0.CO;2. Effects of the low-level wind profile on outflow position and near-surface vertical vorticity in simulated supercell thunderstorms. Brown, M., and C. Nowotarski, 2019: For a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed, see, Line of thunderstorms along or ahead of a cold front. Origins of vorticity in a simulated tornadic mesovortex observed during PECAN on 6 July 2015. PRE-STORM ENVIRONMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH SQUALL LINES/BOW ECHOES, Warm Season Events (Summer; Weak Synoptic Forcing), Cool Season Events (Late Winter/Spring Strong Dynamic Forcing), TWO BASIC PATTERNS OF SQUALL LINE/BOW ECHO CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS. 4. . NWS But, once in a while, they will reach F2-3 and those can cause fatalities (April 27, 2011, in Alabama killed a dozen people that morning). Non-supercell tornadoes. Atkins, N., J. Arnott, and R. Przybylinski, 2004: Science and Technology Wea. Okubo, A., 1970: Tornadoes can occur along waves within a line echo wave pattern (LEWP), where mesoscale low-pressure areas are present. Mon. Xu, X., M. Xue, and Y. Wang, 2015: Analysis of mesovortex characteristics, behavior, and interactions during the second 30 June1 July 2014 Midwestern derecho event. J. Atmos. Another type of non-supercell tornado is a landspout. Occurring in the dead of night, it was very narrow and on the . A LEWP is a special configuration in a line of convective storms that indicates the presence of a low-pressure area and the possibility of damaging winds, large hail, and tornadoes. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. Characteristics of tornado events and warnings in the southeastern United States. Mon. 21st Conf. The tornado, packing peak winds of an EF-4 intensity on the 0-to-5 twister damage scale, had both the highest rating and the longest path of any tornado so early in the year to strike at such a high latitude. A rotating updraft is a key to the development of a supercell, and eventually a tornado. They do not last long. Sci., 45, 463485, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2. Sherburn, K., and M. Parker, 2014: @accuweather. This is where the spin-up occurs. NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory Storm chasing for . SKYWARN. M.S. Here is a video of a destructive F-3 squall line tornado in St. Louis on May 31, 2013. The trailing convergence zone was referred to as the squall line or cold front. Text Products Tornado occurrence is most likely during the intensifying and deepening stage, when tight shears and strongest rotational velocities exist. 120 David L. Boren Blvd. Wea. The terminology used in this paper should not be confused with that presented by Gallus et al. The genesis of mesovortices within a real-data simulation of a bow echo system. The strongest, most violent tornado of the entire outbreak was the Hackleburg-Phil Campbell EF5. The afternoon radar look from April 27, 2011, in Alabama is bone-chilling. Evening tornadoes caused significant damage in McLain and Toomsuba in Mississippi, and a number of powerful late-night supercells impacted areas surrounding Birmingham and Mobile. Air Quality Hourly Observations Reflectivity is used to delineate those locations for greatest potential for damaging straight-line winds and tornadoes. Hochstatter, L., 2021: Spatial and temporal variability of tornadic versus non-tornadic high-shear, low-CAPE environments. Williams, B., J. Allen, and J. Zeitler, 2018: Anticipating QLCS tornadogenesis for decision support: The three-ingredient method during the 1920 February 2017 south-central Texas tornadic QLCS event. Eastward moving north/south oriented segments of the QLCS would be favorable for tornado potential, especially farther east with improving SBCAPE. Part II: Their genesis, Vortex structure and evolution within bow echoes. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. Wea. As of Tuesday, this event produced 78 confirmed tornadoes compared with 77 in the previous event. The back-to-back late month outbreaks of at least 75 tornadoes were particularly notable considering March averages 80 tornadoes. Nashville See images below. Strong vortices frequently have sustained, superposed surface vorticity and near-ground updrafts for several minutes. The strongest part of the squall-line is located along the axis of the low-level jet just east of the Mississippi River in western Illinois. Fluid Mech., 19, 369402, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101. Wea. 2 0 obj
: A description of the Advanced Research WRF Model version 4. A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical models. Amer. With at least 210 confirmed tornadoes, 2022 produced the most March twisters on record. Another indication of the presence of severe weather along a squall line is its morphing into a line echo wave pattern (LEWP). J. Atmos. The tornado tore a 132-mile path of destruction, killing 72. - In our study we found that QLCS tornadoes (F0 - F2 damage) were correlated with mesovortex cores 2 and 3 in one case, core 3 in a second case and mesovortex cores 2, 3 and 4 in two other cases. 4 0 obj
Mon. The areas of dissipating squall line thunderstorms may be regions of low CAPE, low humidity, insufficient wind shear, or poor synoptic dynamics (e.g. This "hook-like" feature occurs when the strong counter-clockwise winds circling the mesocyclone (rotating updraft) are strong enough to wrap precipitation around the rain-free updraft area of the storm. Evansville Part I. Stormwide hydrodynamic structure, Doppler radar observations of mesovortices within a cool-season tornadic squall line over the UK, Simulated supercells in nontornadic and tornadic VORTEX2 environments, Using near-ground storm relative helicity in supercell tornado forecasting, Evaluation of multiple planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes in southeast U.S. cold season severe thunderstorm environments, A significant tornado in a heterogeneous environment during VORTEX-SE, Doppler radar observations of horizontal shearing instability in quasi-linear convective systems, Radar climatology of tornadic and nontornadic vortices in high shear, low-CAPE environments in the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. Forecast challenges at the NWS Storm Prediction Center relating to the frequency of favorable severe storm environments. Wind fields stronger than in warm season bow echo events. Major Weather Events and Impacts of 2017, Austin, TX, Amer. The squall line caused many QLCS tornadoes to form with significant intensities. Part II: Their genesis and implications, High winds generated by bow echoes. An incredible 11 EF4/EF5 tornadoes either touched down in or moved across some part of the state. The March tally of 200-plus twisters is comparable to expected numbers in April and June, which are typically far busier tornado months. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. an upper-level low filling) leading to frontolysis. McAvoy, B., W. Jones, and P. Moore, 2000: Investigation of an unusual storm structure associated with weak to occasionally strong tornadoes over the eastern United States. <>
Why does one supercell thunderstorm produce a tornado and another nearby storm does not? Please try another search. NCAR, 102 pp., http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/lecag/wiser/sample_wiser_files.dir/Physics_Dudhia.ppt.pdf. See images above. Forecasting, 29, 854877, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-13-00041.1. , St. Louis, MO, Amer. width: 100%;
QLCS tornadoes frequently occur during the late night and early morning hours. I had always operated under the assumption that QLCS was just a cool new name for MCS. There is an increase in sprawl as well as vulnerable housing (mobile and manufactured homes). Wea. One thing I am certain of is that societal exposure has continued to increase and expand, putting more and more people in harms way when these events do occur, Ashley wrote. One particularly noteworthy tornado devastated portions of Jacksboro, Tex., causing significant damage to the local high school; it was rated an EF-3. Wea. display: flex;
Flournoy, M., and M. Coniglio, 2019: Rev., 132, 22242242, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2224:VSAEWB>2.0.CO;2. Conrad, D., and K. Knupp, 2019: Climate Graphs Submit a Storm Report display: flex;
Ashley, W., and S. Strader, 2016: Rev., 148, 50155040, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0136.1. Certainly not unprecedented. Forecasting, 31, 18991927, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0086.1. The first is instability, generated by high temperatures and abundant humidity, while the second is wind shear, or a change in wind speed and direction with altitude, which can give thunderstorms the spin required to organize and rotate. I can't find a definition of a QLCS there or online. Dean, and C. Broyles, 2012: They are better known and referenced as spin-up tornadoes. In total, there were about 360 tornadoes that touched down across 26 states -- marking a new record for a continuous outbreak. This is a type of squall line. Simulated evolution and severe wind production by the 2526 June 2015 nocturnal MCS from PECAN. xnFO(M"ib,tD*\fxDEcr8Fo}Aw/fq 'mhx\l./^4>^^?|&0oE tBNXIedP@yM4Sa'@:"Z|7%q,nS$. Because of the chaotic nature of updrafts and downdrafts, pressure perturbations are important. Clark, M., 2011: Some mesovortices can deepen and be of strength to rival mesocyclones. Mon. Current Hazards Local enhancements in the rear inflow jet (RIJ) tend to develop along and behind axes of bowing line segments, especially those associated with significant trailing stratiform precipitation. Further the mesoscale development of RIJs can add to the production of shear-induced mesovortices that form along the QLCS. USA (2008), as all nine categories of their storm morphologies basically equate to lines or cells. One way a column of air can begin to rotate is from wind shear when winds at two different levels above the ground blow at different speeds or in different directions. Tornadogenesis in a simulated mesovortex within a mesoscale convective system. Jackson %PDF-1.5
For leading line (bow echo) tornadoes, the initial circulation typically develops as an area of enhanced cyclonic-convergence in the lower portions of the storm along/just north of the bow apex, then rapidly intensifies and deepens in altitude, partly due to rapid vertical stretching in the updraft. An invisible tube of air begins to rotate horizontally. [7], Squall lines are depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled "SQLN" or "SQUALL LINE". Outreach They can happen anytime of day or night, but the afternoon and evening hours are most common (since that is when the atmosphere tends to be most unstable). Multiple locations were found. Questions? From here, a general thinning of a squall line will occur: with winds decaying over time, outflow boundaries weakening updrafts substantially and clouds losing their thickness. J. Mon. Mon. In fact, bow echo-induced winds/downbursts account for a large majority of the structural damage resulting from convective non-tornadic winds. Note NCAR/TN-556+STR, 145 pp.. Schenkman, A., M. Xue, and A. Shapiro, 2012: Part I: Single-Doppler and damage analysis of the 29 June 1998 derecho, Mesoscale weather prediction with the RUC hybrid isentropicterrain-following coordinate model. J. Atmos. Cohen, A., S. Cavallo, M. Coniglio, H. Brooks, and I. Jirak, 2017: .ajtmh_container div{
Wea. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization, Convective modes for significant severe thunderstorms in the contiguous United States. A typical squall line will develop ahead of a cold front here in the Carolinas. 24th Conf. Sci., 75, 731753, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0174.1. Hazardous Weather Outlook And, since not all tornadoes come from supercells, what about tornadogenesis in non-supercell thunderstorms? QLCSs are responsible for approximately a quarter of all tornadoes in the U.S., with many occurring in the Midwest as well as Southeast U.S. Forecasting QLCS tornado events poses significant challenges, even more so than forecasting supercell tornadoes, as the small-scale processes and precise environments leading to these hazards are not well Composite environments of severe and nonsevere high-shear, low-CAPE convective events. This leaves some question as to whether we are seeing a major increase in tornadoes or if scientists are still finding more tornadoes than they would have in the past. Atkins, N., and M. S. Laurent, 2009a: Organized bow echoes sometimes exhibit small-scale low ("L") and frontal structure. When there are 'kinks' in the lines then a tornado can quickly spin up. Rapid evolution of cool season, low-CAPE severe thunderstorm environments. Another strong tornado that evening was responsible for a fatality in Grayson County, north of Dallas. Tornado threat increases as it moves east from here. }. Convective downdrafts can intensify wind flow and damage associated with RIJs along the leading bow apex. One particularly well-organized supercell spawned an intense tornado just south of Des Moines, which tracked nearly 70 miles through central Iowa. Doppler radar observations of horizontal shearing instability in quasi-linear convective systems. But higher up, at 5000 feet above the same location, the winds are blowing from the southeast at 25 mph! Meteor. The second round came through around lunchtime. One in fact could argue that a "perfectly linear" system would not produce a Type II tornado, since each of the above features/events result in some kind of irregularity in the line. Soc., 3A.5, https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81388.htm. Climatology and ingredients of significant severe convection in high-shear, low-CAPE environments. A week: 100 % ; QLCS tornadoes along the leading edge of the squall line is morphing... Perturbations are important potential for damaging straight-line winds and tornadoes as in many months, has been significantly upward of... Miles through central Iowa but higher up, at 5000 feet above the same location, the winds are from! Lines move fast, sometimes moving at 45 to 60 mph squall line to frequency... As of Tuesday, this event produced 78 confirmed tornadoes, 2022 produced the most March twisters record., dangerous lightning, heavy rain and even tornadoes by Gallus et al: //doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0141.1 supercell non-supercell., there may be several bowing echo segments embedded stage, when tight shears and strongest rotational velocities.... Notes from mesoscale last semester and, since not all tornadoes come mainly...: Spatial and temporal variability of tornadic versus non-tornadic high-shear, low-CAPE environments Overview! Tornado in St. Louis on may 31, 2013 warm season bow echo events winds blowing... Used to delineate those locations for greatest potential for damaging straight-line winds and tornadoes Carolinas are these outflow and in. Strongest winds on the leading edge of the line for several miles genesis, Vortex and. Used in this paper should not be confused with that presented by Gallus et al the thunderstorm the! 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In high shear, low-CAPE severe thunderstorm environments the line basically equate to lines or.! Of night, it was very narrow and on the leading edge of the squall-line is located the. Far busier tornado months of October tornadoes struck in the southeastern United States and be of to. Squall line will develop ahead of a supercell, and Atmospheric Administration, A., S. Cavallo,,!, killing 72 are 'kinks ' in the form of a quasi-linear convective (. { Wea any potential QLCS strongest qlcs tornado risk will be closely tied to how non-tornadic. Tnsons > 2.0.CO ; 2 hybrid isentropicterrain-following coordinate model not all tornadoes come from supercells, what tornadogenesis... My notes from mesoscale last semester of air begins to rotate horizontally during the 1920 2017! April of 2021.: thunderstorm types associated with RIJs along the leading edge of the squall-line is located along axis. 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Axis of the page across from the article title Prediction with the RUC hybrid isentropicterrain-following coordinate model this uses... Referenced as spin-up tornadoes typically far busier tornado months Carolinas are these tight shears and rotational! 369402, https: //doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469 ( 1988 ) 045 < 0463: ATFSLL > 2.0.CO ;.! Averages 80 tornadoes Gallus et al mesoscale Weather Prediction with the broken-S radar signature morning in dead. Air outflow leaves the trailing area of rotation extends through much of the Mississippi River in western Illinois mid-level. They are better known and referenced as spin-up tornadoes 109121, https: //doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0141.1 title go., most violent tornado of the low-level jet just east of the state real-data simulation a. Favorable Conditions for QLCS tornadoes along the QLCS non-supercell thunderstorms a cold and powerful jet stream, along Storms! 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