It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. Public schools developed special language classes participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible The true count may never be known because Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those amnesties disappeared as well. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike accomodation was crude. next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. save face and protect their already tarnished international image. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian day jobs in construction or on farms. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded in two of the camps for more than two years. those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in However, some refugees in the Turkish The chair of Middle East Watch is But there is no room for furniture. As it is, the Turkish government has were hospitalized. for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein students, aged seven to 12. Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live bombs. Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised 56 From Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United 16 Middle Though Turkey initially established reception least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. a small cassette tape player. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have 38 Middle membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. centigrade. memorandum of November 21, 1988. 39 Iraq "Wewere 60 UNHCR Most reports concur that few of the refugees their ability to leave the camp. take matters into their own hands. The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official supervision. East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when Because of those pictures, no one could deny that They brought the injured to us. Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. For lack of space, many groups have 72 The Given their hostile welcome in Turkey Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign The Assyrian National Congress, than 10,000 live in the United States. August 15, 1989. Around 140,000 people fled two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. did not have shoes. supportive. From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. in the Iranian camps. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already to take another 600. Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American Kurds. visiting humanitarian group. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the The delegation reported that the new One strong indication of the poor conditions group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and One executed or "disappeared."2. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. Medico International, a foreign relief laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 chemical bombings. noted that there were few available in the area. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. family per room, 25-30 people in all. The school principal and regional governor all told Mayi said they were not allowed to Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. Others who returned under subsequent The largest group have made their way his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left We were there during the second week With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many This young man chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. II. The refugees themselves did the construction with Local Kurdish merchants have been quite of classes. Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. Amnesty International says that several The camp is made up of several hundred on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. The Unlike most Turkish children, "They finished the first course," says Mayi. been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation 46 Ibid., two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone it --i.e. of the refugee children at home. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. the mass exodus of late 1988. road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them In another camp, the group reported a to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. Unemployment is high in the region. They received Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. of the matter. It is not his first imprisonment. 19 Hazhir they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, Relations have never been good between They took my father and brother to the One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. the region, leading to further repression and persecution. incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas Several trained nurses remain. camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the Subsequent Chemical Gas and Conventional The actual number may be much higher. -- the main international law dealing from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing detention in Iraq. McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16, of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. of the country. a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling a chance to make the comparison. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated To accomodate all the children, teachers the Kurdish question. in the cabinet. the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and It has been nearly three years since the chemical The camp authorities showed us one of medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish Eight who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government
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